Cone Bearing Estimation Utilizing a Hybrid HMM and IFM Smoother Filter Formulation

Cone penetration testing (CPT) is a widely used geotechnical engineering in-situ test for mapping soil profiles and assessing properties. In CPT, cone on the end of series rods pushed into ground at constant rate resistance to tip measured (qm). The qm values are utilized characterize profile. Unfortunately, blurred and/or averaged which can result in distortion profile characterization inability identify thin layers. This paper outlines novel highly effective algorithm obtaining bearing estimates qt from or smoothed measurements. optimal filter estimation technique referred as qtHMM-IFM it implements hybrid hidden Markov model iterative forward modelling technique. mathematical details outlined this along with results challenging bed. bed simulations have demonstrated that derive accurate profiles. allows greater resolution identification quantification layers